Chemistry, Third edition

1 · NUMBERS, UNITS AND MEASUREMENT Errors in experiments Types of experimental error Suppose we measure the temperature of a liq ...

ERRORS IN EXPERIMENTS measurement many times may not be practical (for example, there may be too little sample available, or the ...

1 · NUMBERS, UNITS AND MEASUREMENT eliminated. The fewer the repeat measurements that are required, the quicker and cheaper are ...

ERRORS IN EXPERIMENTS What do we mean by the true value of a measurement? If a measurement is accurate, it must give a true valu ...

1 · NUMBERS, UNITS AND MEASUREMENT Reporting measurements Significant figures and measurement uncertainty If we asked someone to ...

REPORTING MEASUREMENTS Number of significant figures in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division Suppose we carry out ...

1 · NUMBERS, UNITS AND MEASUREMENT As an example, consider two different samples of water whose volumes were determined by two d ...

REPORTING MEASUREMENTS 13 calculate 100.8234which is 6.658 86. The number of significant figures in the answer equals the number ...

14 1 · NUMBERS, UNITS AND MEASUREMENT Revision questions 1.1.The radii of several atoms and ions (in different units) are as fo ...

Elements, Compounds and Reactions Objectives Names the various forms of matter Describes the composition of matter Distinguis ...

16 2 · ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND REACTIONS ●Light energyis emitted by the sun. ●Sound energyis produced by a person speaking. ●Nuc ...

MATTER AND ENERGY Mixtures Mixtures contain more than one substance (elements and/or compounds). The composition of a mixture ...

2 · ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND REACTIONS ●They are not lustrous and not sonorous. ●In chemical reactions non-metals do not react wi ...

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES Physical and chemical changes Physical changes Theboilingof water to produce steam is an example o ...

2 · ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND REACTIONS the mass of charcoal used up, you would find that the sum was exactly equal to the mass of ...

CHEMICAL FORMULAE Formulae Theformulaefor elements and compounds are constructed using these symbols. The symbol for the element ...

2 · ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND REACTIONS without having to learn them parrot fashion. Different elements have atoms with different ...

CHEMICAL FORMULAE 23 Example 2.2 What is the formula of aluminium chloride? Answer Aluminium chloride is a compound of aluminiu ...

2 · ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND REACTIONS Groups of atoms For the purposes of writing formulae, sometimes groups of atoms act as if ...

WRITING AND BALANCING EQUATIONS Chemical equations are best written in three stages: 1.Write the names of the reactants and prod ...