Chemistry, Third edition
26 2 · ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND REACTIONS Example 2.5 Sodium reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Write a ...
WRITING AND BALANCING EQUATIONS 27 Example 2.6 The equation AgNO 3 (aq)NaCl(aq)AgCl(s)NaNO 3 (aq) shows that silver nitrate a ...
2 · ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND REACTIONS Revision questions 28 2.1.Classify each of the following as an element, compound or mixtu ...
Inside the Atom Objectives Describes atomic structure and the evidence for quantization Defines isotopic mass and the atomic m ...
30 3 · INSIDE THE ATOM model has been compared with currants in a bun, with the electrons as the currants and the dough as the p ...
ATOMIC STRUCTURE 3.Protons and neutrons are very much heavier than electrons.This means that most of the mass of an atom lies in ...
3 · INSIDE THE ATOM This tiny mass is exactly equal to one-twelfth of the mass of one atom of carbon (isotope mass number 12). T ...
ISOTOPES 3.Atoms in a naturally occurring sample of the pure element (or of its com- pounds) may consist of one or more isotopes ...
3 · INSIDE THE ATOM Atomic mass of elements and of isotopes The mass of one atom of an isotope on the atomic mass scale is calle ...
MASS SPECTROMETER For many purposes, the errors involved in using the mass numbers instead of the isotopic masses may be ignored ...
3 · INSIDE THE ATOM (apositive ion). The positive ions are separated out in a mass spectrometer accord- ing to the ratio of the ...
MASS SPECTROMETER powerful pumps which remove unionized atoms, and which ensure that there are very few molecules of air present ...
38 3 · INSIDE THE ATOM r 0 n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 The farther an electron is from the nucleus, the higher is its energy. Fig. 3.8The Bo ...
Figure 3.10 shows the arrangement of electrons in shells (the so-called elec- tronic structureorelectronic configuration) for at ...
3 · INSIDE THE ATOM Evidence for the existence of energy levels in atoms You may have wondered what experimental evidence is ava ...
increase the number of electrons removed. (The log of the ionization energies has been plotted in order to compress the ionizati ...
3 · INSIDE THE ATOM case, and the main energy levels of atoms possess sublevelsof energy. The sublevels include the four types s ...
MORE ADVANCED IDEAS ABOUT ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE 43 Notice that the 4s and 3d levels do not fill up in a completely regular fashio ...
3 · INSIDE THE ATOM Orbitals and sublevels We now return to the order in which the sublevels of electrons in atoms are filled, 1 ...
REVISION QUESTIONS It turns out that the second distribution is the correct one – to minimize repulsion, electrons ‘prefer’ to o ...
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