1. MedievWorld1_fm_4pp.qxd
60 army and military organization Richard G. Hovannisian, ed., The Armenian Image in His- tory and Literature(Malibu, Calif.: Un ...
ars antiquaand ars nova 61 CUMANS. The later emperors tried to transfer the burden of providing and supporting soldiers to local ...
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art and architecture, Byzantine 63 ars moriendi (the art of dying)The art of dying, prac- ticed to prevent despair and gain salv ...
64 art and architecture, Islamic A coherent program of monumental decoration was established in central-plan churches dominated ...
art and architecture, Islamic 65 Islamized world in the most visible way. Over the medieval period, several types of plans were ...
66 art and architecture, Jewish round but also for architectural decorations such as squares painted or cut out, then assembled ...
artisans 67 Further reading:Marc Michael Epstein, Dreams of Subversion in Medieval Jewish Art and Literature(Univer- sity Park: ...
68 Ascension Ascension This feast, observed by the church from at least the fourth century, commemorates the last appearance and ...
Asher ben Jechiel 69 asceticism Medieval asceticism consisted of a number of voluntary practices: penitential exercises, bodily ...
70 Ashkenaz and Ashkenazim addressed to him at Toledo from Jewish communities in Spain, as well as from other European countries ...
assize 71 Jerusalem, in Tyre in 1192. They failed in two attempts on SALADIN in 1174 and 1176. The MONGOLS under HULEGUcaptured ...
72 Assizes of Jerusalem many remedies in royal courts for legal complaints that formerly had been handled in private or feudal c ...
Asturias-León, kingdom of 73 astrology(discourse on the stars) Astrology, or the “discourse on the stars,” is based on belief in ...
74 Athanasius of Alexandria, Saint One of the most important developments for Asturian society and culture was the rise of the c ...
Attila, the Hun 75 the Younger founded the first formal community in 859 during the reign of Michael III the Drunkard (r. 842–86 ...
76 Augustine of Canterbury, Saint Attila, who met him on the banks of the Mincio River in northern Italy, near Piacenza. After d ...
Augustinian Friars or Hermits 77 conversion or death as in the late eighth century by CHARLEMAGNEin SAXONY. In some interpretati ...
78 Augustinian rule late Middle Ages, into the Iberian Peninsula and as far as Palestine. These Augustinian friaries, maintained ...
Avignon and the Avignonese papacy 79 Walter Frodl, Austria: Mediaeval Wall Paintings(Green- wich, Conn.: New York Graphic Societ ...
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