Encyclopedia of Islam

calendar, 1 a.h. (anno hijri, or the year of the Hijra). It became the administrative center and capital of the growing Islamic ...

Watt, Muhammad at Medina (Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press, 1956); ———, Early Islam: Collected Articles (Edinburgh: Edinburgh U ...

secured a teaching position, which Rumi took over when his father died. Rumi was a respected teacher of Islamic sciences until h ...

Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West (Oxford: Oneworld, 2000). mihrab Mihrab is a term associated with the architectural ...

minaret (Arabic: manara “beacon,” also midhana “place for making the call to prayer”) Many of the world’s major civilizations ha ...

man Turkish minarets have a simple design, like great pencils or rockets pointing heavenward. New minaret styles have been devis ...

for the unique mosque of the city of Isfahan until its expansion in the 16th century). In time, ris- ing populations and the con ...

tionality. This Enlightenment-inspired critique of “irrationality,” the Salafi goal of stripping Islam of what the reformers con ...

Further reading: Richard King, Orientalism and Religion (New York: Routledge, 1999); Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage ...

Further reading: Said Amir Arjomand, The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran (New York: Oxford University Press ...

See also christianity and islam; Flag; holi- days; idolatry; JUdaism and islam. Further reading: David King, “Science in the Ser ...

these cities have been supplanted in importance by the Atlantic cities of Rabat and Casablanca, Morocco’s modern capital and its ...

people, the MNLF sought international recogni- tion as the sole representative of the Moro nation (Bangsamoro). Meanwhile, one o ...

They include accounts about God’s selection of both as his prophets, how both came into con- frontation with their enemies as a ...

Sayyid qUtb (d. 1966) and Jihad movements in Egypt condemned Jamal abd al-nasir (d. 1970) and anWar al-sadat (d. 1981), both pre ...

close association between Friday mosques and urban areas populated by Muslims and the role of mosques in announcing the presence ...

Muhammad’s mosque in Medina, and the aqsa mosqUe in JerUsalem. The Shia would also add the mosque-tombs of their Imams, such as ...

wrote to Muslim jurists (mUFtis) to seek legal opinions (FatWas) regarding how to preserve Islam under Christian rule. Mudejar j ...

individuals, but their decisions could often have a bearing on public life. By the 14th century, they were included in governmen ...

the final interpreter of Islamic law alarmed the Ulama, or religious leaders. Akbar also supported architecture and the arts, in ...