A01_RICH4603_04_SE_A01.QXD

of interlanguagethan the study of naturally occurring speech or writing can provide. elicited imitation n an elicitation procedu ...

For example, in: The news that he had got married surprised his friends. empathy sentence (2) is embedded in sentence (1) and is ...

emphatic pronoun emphatic pronoun n a pronoun which gives additional emphasis to a noun phrase or which draws attention to it. I ...

En-form empty “it ” n The function of “it” when there is no specific reference but “it” refers forward to something. Itis very c ...

English as a foreign language English as a foreign language n also EFL see English as a second language English as a Lingua Fran ...

English for science and technology which English does not play an important role in internal communication (China, Japan, and Ko ...

English for Speakers of Other Languages n also ESOL see English as a second language (1) English for special purposes n also Eng ...

lesson and what they are expected to learn, and serve as an “organizer”, preparing them for an upcoming activity. see also closu ...

equating n also test equating a process of establishing the scores that are equivalent on multiple forms of a test that measure ...

error analysis error n 1 (in the speech or writing of a second or foreign language learner), the use of a linguistic item (e.g. ...

(structures being used too frequently). Attempts to apply such categories have been problematic however, due to the difficulty o ...

ESL n an abbreviation for English as a second language ESOL n an abbreviation for English for Speakers of Other Languages (see E ...

ethnicity n a term sometimes preferred to the term race, and used in research as a category to distinguish groups based on socio ...

euphemism The concept of an ethnography of communication was advocated by the American social anthropologist and linguist Hymes ...

evaluation evaluation n in general, the systematic gathering of information for purposes of decision making. Evaluation may use ...

exclamation exact replication n see replication exact word method n see cloze test examination n any procedure for measuring abi ...

exclamation mark n the form of punctuation used after an exclamation, such as Well done! exclusive (first person) pronoun n a fi ...

expectancy grammar n see pragmatic expectancy grammar expectancy theory n the theory that knowledge of a language includes knowi ...

experimental method n an approach to educational research in which an idea or hypothesisis tested or verified by setting up situ ...

expressive writing learningwhich refers to learning primarily by means of unconscious exposure to input. see implicit learning e ...