Arabic: An Essential Grammar

dots, as in /t/ or /y/; and instead of three dots, as in /t ̄ /. One might suspect that the straight stroke replacing two dots c ...

عكف دحرج عمي فيل (7)  +k+fd+h ̇ +r+g ̆  +m+yf+y+l غرس فهم هجر هرب (8) g ̇+r+sf+h+mh+g ̆+rh+r+b بهق زعم فهمه درس (9) b+h+qz+  ...

شحم مصور مورد مصدر (15) sˇ+h ̇ +mm+s ̇ +w+rm+w+r+dm+s ̇ +d+r شهر مكث لطم ولده (16) sˇ+h+rm+k+t ̄ l+t ̇ +mw+l+d+h قسم برك شرف شوق ...

13 Chapter 4 Vowels 4.1 There are three vowels in Arabic called َأْلـ َح َر َكا ُت
al- h ̇ araka ̄tu. They can be both short a ...

consonants are most easily heard in conjuction with fath ̇ ah (^) ــَــ /a/, which is then coloured towards /o/, or to American ...

َر ِبـ َح َو ِر َم َز ِه َد َسـ ُه َل َر ِض َع (3) rabih ̇ a warima zahida rad ̇ i  a sahula to gain to be swollen to abstain t ...

Write in Arabic: (9) wat ̄ iqa bah ̇ at ̄ a bah ̆ ila kasila tarakahu to trust to search to be stingy to be lazy he left him (10 ...

17 Chapter 5 Suku ̄n, sˇaddah, noun cases and nunation as indefinite form 5.1 Suku ̄n: (^) ــْـــ A small circle written above a ...

are indicated by adding a vowel to the last consonant, and they are called: (There is more about cases in later chapters.) 5.4 N ...

(1)خ َنَّ َوَل ًدا َكْل ًبا َد َب ْح ٌر رََّج dah ̆ h ̆ ana kalban waladan bah ̇ run g ̆arra to smoke dog boy sea to draw (2)ي َ ...

Write in Arabic: Remember: The words below with endings /...un/, /...an/ and /...in/ should be written with a double vowel (and ...

21 Chapter 6 Long vowels,
alif maqs ̇ u ̄rah, dagger or miniature
alif, word stress and syllable structure 6.1 The three sho ...

6.3
Alif maqs ̇ u ̄rah The long vowel /a ̄/ at the end of a word can be written with
alif ـ َا... or, in some words, with ya ...

plus a consonant (CV ̄C). No syllable can start with more than one consonant. 1a) The stress falls on the first long syllable co ...

Read, practise your handwriting and transliterate: َتا ِجـ ٍر َحـ ِزي ٌن ه ِذ ِه َوا ِسـ ًعا ا َحا ًلا (2) h ̇ azı nun ta ̄g ̆i ...

Write in Arabic: Note: The words below all have the ordinary
alif (ا) and not the
alif maqs ̇ u ̄rah (^) ى or the dagger
a ...

26 Chapter 7 Hamzah (hamzatu l-qat ̇  i) and the maddah sign 7.1 Hamzah or hamzatu l-qat ̇  i, َه ْم َز ُة  ْل َق ْط ِع , mea ...

7.3 Hamzah is used frequently, but the rules for writing it are quite complicated and are therefore dealt with in more detail in ...

7.6 The maddah sign The maddah sign د ٌةََّم is a long slanting or curved superscript line representing the
alif, which is wri ...

Write in Arabic: ِإ ْب ٌل َأَل ٌم !َأ ْي َن ِإ ْم ِش ِإ ْن َسا ٌن (4)
iblun
alamun
imsˇi
ayna
insa ̄nun camels pain go ...