The Foundations of Chemistry
CH 4 (g)2O 2 (g)88nCO 2 (g)2H 2 O()887 kJ indicates release of energy We can write the change in energythat accompanies this ...
products). The surroundings exert a constant pressure of one atmosphere and do work on the system by compressing it. The interna ...
(c) Sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide, one step in the production of sulfuric acid. 2SO 2 (g)O 2 (g)88n2SO 3 (g) Pl ...
No work is done when a reaction is carried out in a bomb calorimeter, even if gases are involved, because V0. Therefore, Eqv ...
The balanced chemical equation involves one mole of ethanol, so we can write the unit factor 1m 1 o m l o e l th rx a n nol . ...
At constant pressure, wPV,so Hq(PV)PV Hqp (constant Tand P) The difference between Eand His the amount of expansio ...
many reactions. Of course, if n0, then HE,and the same amount of heat would be absorbed or given off by the reaction whethe ...
The system (consisting of the water, the solid NH 4 NO 3 , and the resulting hydrated NH 4 and NO 3 ions) absorbs heat from t ...
are more highly ordered than in the gaseous state. Thus, the entropy of any substance increases as the substance goes from solid ...
(decrease in disorder), then Sunivmay still be positive (overall increase in disorder) if Ssurris more positive than Ssysis n ...
The Third Law of Thermodynamicsestablishes the zero of the entropy scale. The entropy of a pure, perfect crystalline substance ( ...
modynamics. It is different from the reference state for H^0 f(see Section 15-7). The absolute entropies, S^0298 , of various s ...
Because changes in the thermodynamic quantity entropymay be understood in terms of changes in molecular disorder,we can often pr ...
out (Section 14-2) that the increase in disorder (entropy increase) that accompanies mixing often provides the driving force for ...
6.Changes in the number of moles of gaseous substances.Processes that result in an increase in the number of moles of gaseous su ...
neous (product-favored). We see from the equation that Gbecomes more negative as (1) Hbecomes more negative (the process gives ...
EXAMPLE 15-16 Spontaneity of Standard Reaction Diatomic nitrogen and oxygen molecules make up about 99% of all the molecules in ...
EXAMPLE 15-17 Spontaneity of Standard Reaction Make the same determination as in Example 15-16, using heats of formation and abs ...
Plan The process we must consider is Br 2 ()88nBr 2 (g) By definition, the normal boiling point of a liquid is the temperature ...
When Hand Shave opposite signs (classes 1 and 4), they act in the same direction, so the direction of spontaneous change does ...
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