The Foundations of Chemistry

Molality The molality,m,of a solute in solution is the number of moles of solute per kilo- gram of solvent. molality EXAMPLE 14 ...

Mole Fraction Recall that in Chapter 12 the mole fractions,XAand XB, of each component in a mixture containing components A and ...

LOWERING OF VAPOR PRESSURE AND RAOULT’S LAW Many experiments have shown that a solution containing a nonvolatileliquid or a soli ...

The vapor pressure of a solvent in an ideal solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent in the solutio ...

cule, and similarly for each octane molecule. The properties of such a solution can be predicted from a knowledge of its composi ...

Solution In the vapor Xheptane0.426 Xoctane0.574 or Xoctane1.0000.426 0.574 You should now work Exercise 42. Many dilut ...

As a result, unlike species hold one another especially tightly in the liquid phase, so fewer molecules escape to the vapor phas ...

with the boiling liquid mixture at the indicated temperature. The intercepts at the two vertical axes show the boiling points of ...

BOILING POINT ELEVATION Recall that the boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals the appl ...

Elevations of boiling points and depressions of freezing points, which will be discussed later, are usually quite small for solu ...

The freezing point depressions of solutions of nonelectrolytes have been found to be equal to the molality of the solute times a ...

You may be familiar with several examples of the effects we have studied. Sea water does not freeze on some days when fresh wate ...

Solution From Table 14-2, the freezing point of pure benzene is 5.48°C and Kfis 5.12°C/m. Tf5.48°C4.92°C0.56°C m0.11 m Th ...

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES AND DISSOCIATION OF ELECTROLYTES As we have emphasized, colligative properties depend on the numberof sol ...

Problem-Solving Tip:Selection of a van’t Hoff Factor Use an ideal value for the van’t Hoff factor unless the question clearly in ...

570 CHAPTER 14: Solutions Plan for (b) The percent ionization is given by % ionization100% (where moriginalmstated0.0100 m) ...

two solutions. Solvent molecules may pass through the membrane in either direction, but the rate at which they pass into the mor ...

Osmotic pressure depends on the number, and not the kind, of solute particles in solution; it is therefore a colligative propert ...

Thus, the molarity of sucrose in the solution is Msucrose 0 0 .1 .1 4 2 6 5 m L ol 1.17 mol/L Now we can calculate the osmot ...

We convert 8.92 torr to atmospheres to be consistent with the units of R. n RT V 1.43^10 ^5 mol pepsin Thus, 0.500 g of p ...