1. MedievWorld1_fm_4pp.qxd

180 Cistercian order membership in the community and was considered a rite of integration. It was to take place on the eighth da ...

Clement V 181 cities, and urban life SeeINDIVIDUAL CITIES. civic ritual SeeRITUAL. Clarendon, Constitutions of This was a docume ...

182 Clement VI Further reading:Guillaume Mollat, The Popes at Avi- gnon, 1305–1378,trans. Janet Love (1949; reprint, New York: T ...

clothing and costume 183 Further reading: Brian Tierney, ed., The Crisis of Church and State, 1050–1300 (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: ...

184 Clovis I belts. Wool and material from vegetable fiber of various degrees of excellence and comfort were used by all classes ...

coats of arms 185 for ecclesiastical needs and privileges. In the latter years of his reign, Clovis devoted much energy to the p ...

186 Cockaigne, land of Cockaigne, land of SeeFAMINE; FOOD, DRINK, AND NUTRITION. Code of Justinian (Codex justinianus)See CORPUS ...

Saint Columba of Sens exchange was difficult in the early Middle Ages. Such coinage, then and later, could, however, be a somewh ...

188 Columban, Saint among the PICTSand became influential in the politics of Scotland. Long before his death on Iona on June 9, ...

Commynes, Philippe de 189 Cohen (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1969); Samuel Eliot Morison, ed., Journals and Other Documents on the ...

190 Comnena, Anna usually accurate, without being excessively opinionated. Although he served a king of absolutist tendencies, h ...

condottieri, companies, and mercenaries 191 legitimate successor, Martin V (r. 1417–31). The partici- pants in this council adop ...

192 confession, auricular See alsoARMIES AND MILITARY ORGANIZATION;HAW K- WOOD,JOHN. Further reading:Kenneth Fowler, Medieval Me ...

Constantine I the Great 193 church, surrounded by a crowd of clerics and LAITY. Among these bishops, abbots, and scholars from t ...

194 Constantine I the Great of his enemies. Soon after his defeat of Licinius, he embarked on the construction of a new capital ...

Constantine the African 195 See also DIOCLETIAN;DONATION OF CONSTANTINE; EUSEBIOS OF CAESAREA; PAPACY;PAPAL STATES;VALLA, LORENZ ...

196 Constantinople practical, with the rest probably done by disciples or stu- dents. He died about 1087 at Monte Cassino. Furth ...

Copts and the Coptic language 197 became a human being, on the 41st day of the pregnancy. Some Muslims thought this occurred on ...

198 Córdoba Further reading:Alexander Badawy, Coptic Art and Archaeology: The Art of the Christian Egyptians from the Late Antiq ...

Corvinus, Matthias 199 J. A. C. Thomas, trans., The Institutes of Justinian: Text, Translation and Commentary(Amsterdam: North-H ...