1. MedievWorld1_fm_4pp.qxd

740 Wars of the Roses The CRUSADESwere military invasions of the Islamic world from about 1100. The period 1350 to 1450 was char ...

weapons and weaponry 741 water mills SeeMILLS, WIND AND WATER. weapons and weaponry The weapons available to sol- diers in the p ...

742 wedding swords or other hand weapons. Mounted combat also reflected higher social status and the possession of suffi- cient ...

Wessex 743 of PRAGUE. Wenceslas became a very popular saint, con- sidered the perpetual prince of Bohemia. Further reading: Marv ...

Choir at Westminster Abbey Press, 1992); David Alban Hinton, Alfred’s Kingdom: Wes- sex and the South 800–1500(London: Dent, 197 ...

widows and widowhood 745 wheel of fortune The wheel of fortune in medieval art was an expression of the variability of luck or f ...

746 Widukind the death of the husband. The social status and capabili- ties of female widows varied over the course of the Middl ...

William II the Good 747 1050 or 1051 he had married Matilda (d. 1083), the daughter of Count Baldwin V of FLANDERS (d. 1167). Th ...

748 William IX eunuch, was hated and threatened by the nobility and deserted to the service of the ALMOHADS. Marguerite con- tin ...

William of Ockham 749 and metaphysical works of Aristotle. His Golden Summa, which followed the form of PETERLOMBARD’s Sentences ...

750 William of Rubruck simplest explanation for any problem was the best expla- nation. He did not see the need to reconcile God ...

wills and testaments 751 William of Wyckham (Wykeham) (1324–1404)bishop of Winchester, royal official From a poor family, he was ...

752 windmills less freedom to dispose of their material life, mostly by stipulating that most donations could only be made in li ...

Wolfram von Eschenbach 753 the consumption of hop beer except in Germanic regions. Christianization and the spread of monasticis ...

754 women, status of for spiritual growth. He tolerantly joined Arthurian and Oriental concepts of CHIVALRY, urging toleration b ...

Wycliffe, John 755 women’s religious orders SeeNUNS AND NUNNERIES. wool SeeANIMALS AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. works of mercy The work ...

756 Wycliffe, John reform. These had a later life in England and were asso- ciated with the LOLLARDSand their heretical notions ...

Y 757 Yaroslav the Wise(980–1054) grand prince of Kievan Rus ́ The son of VLADIMIRI THEGREAT, Yaroslav had to deal with a long s ...

758 Yiddish lead to more sophisticated efforts to calculate the year and when Christ was born and died. This was an attempt to c ...

youth, concept of 759 with a mayor from 1213. It had also become an active manufacturing town with a prominent Jewish commu- nit ...