1. MedievWorld1_fm_4pp.qxd

640 Saint Patrick’s Purgatory canonized in 1297. They were placed behind the high ALTARof the upper chapel and displayed to the ...

Salimbene de Adam 641 another Nur al-Din (d. 1181), Saladin claimed that he was the only prince capable of leading a successful ...

642 Salimbene de Adam the minister general, Friar Elias of Cortona (d. 1253), much against the advice of his father. He studied ...

Salutati, Coluccio 643 Salimbene’s Chronicleis known from a single incom- plete but autographed manuscript. An original work of ...

644 salvation ideology of civic HUMANISMto engage in an impassioned and intense defense of republican institutions and Floren- t ...

Saracens 645 Fabled Cities of Central Asia: Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva (New York: Abbeville Press, 1989); Luc Kwanten, Impe- rial ...

646 Sardinia Further reading: Clifford Edward Bosworth, “Sara- cens,” Encyclopedia of Islam, 9.27–28; Norman Daniel, Islam and t ...

Savonarola, Girolamo 647 his landscapes and spaces have been called ethereal. His last work was a FRESCOof the Coronation of the ...

648 Savoy, county and duchy of “Weepers” for Savonarola and the “Enraged,” supporters of the Medici. Soon afterward Savonarola o ...

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650 Saxo Grammaticus Princeton University Press, 1974); Eugene L. Cox, “The Kingdom of Burgundy, the Lands of the House of Savoy ...

Scholasticism and Scholastic method 651 Negotiations begun by legates from the West failed, and the sides excommunicated each ot ...

652 schools Further reading: John W. Baldwin, The Scholastic Culture of the Middle Ages, 1000–1300(Lexington, Mass.: Heath, 1971 ...

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654 Scotland expanded southward into the Lothian region and EDINBURGH. Around 940 the old kingdom of Strathclyde was ceded to th ...

scripts 655 he inflicted a defeat on the incompetent EDWARDII at the Battle of BANNOCKBURNin 1314. This victory secured Scottish ...

656 Scriptures appearance of the script called Gothic which led once more to two distinct styles: a formal book script, and a mo ...

Seljuk Turks of Rum 657 seals and sigillography The wax seal was commonly used from the ninth to the 15th century as a means of ...

658 sentences Byzantium in the Near East: Its Relations with the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in Asia Minor, the Armenians of Cilicia ...

serfs and serfdom 659 of Sentencesthen writing solutions to a common set of problems based on Lombard’s work and unresolved doub ...