1. MedievWorld1_fm_4pp.qxd

720 Verdun, Treaty of capital and their businesses. They at least equaled the eco- nomic success of their rivals in PISAand GENO ...

vestments, liturgical 721 Arabic or Greek and other regional languages with vari- ous histories spoken by the majority of the po ...

722 Vézelay, Church of La Madeleine functions evolved. At the same time, the LAITYabandoned long tunics and cloaks, but their us ...

Vikings 723 vices SeeVIRTUES AND VICES. Vienna Vienna is the present capital of AUSTRIA. In the Middle Ages, it owed its late pr ...

724 village communities and settlements literature. Their era is said to have begun on June 8, 793, with the sack of Lindisfarne ...

villein and villeinage 725 government and even into a short stay in debtors’ prison in February 1346. He died in the Black Death ...

726 Villon, François See alsoMANORS AND THE MANORIAL SYSTEM; PEAS- ANTRY; PEASANT REBELLIONS; SERFS AND SERFDOM. Further reading ...

virginity 727 as in the present. Certain regions such as TUSCANYpro- duced wine in bulk for sale outside the immediate region be ...

728 Virgin Mary, cult of See alsoCELIBACY; SEXUALITY AND SEXUAL ATTITUDES; SONG OFSONGS; VIRTUES AND VICES. Further reading:Pete ...

Visigoths 729 government of the vicious Giovanni Maria (1402–12), who was eventually assassinated by conspirators. His brother a ...

730 visions and dreams in 378 and had sacked ROMEin 410 under the kingship of ALARICI. After absorbing other tribal groups, they ...

Vlad III the Impaler 731 Kathryn L. Lynch, The High Medieval Dream Vision: Poetry, Philosophy, and Literary Form(Stanford, Calif ...

732 Vladimir I the Great, Saint spent the next six years periodically fighting the OTTOMANTurks, and the Bulgarians and establis ...

Vulgate 733 PENTECOSTSunday a few months later, he ordered the mass baptism of his subjects. During the same summer he married a ...

734 W Wace(Robert or William?)(ca. 1100–ca. 1175)Anglo- Norman author Born in Jersey in the Channel Islands to a noble family in ...

Waldensians 735 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1931); Janet L. Nelson, Charles the Bald(New York: Longman, 1992). Wald ...

736 Wales Waldenses: Rejections of Holy Church in Medieval Europe (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000); Walter L. Wakefield and Austin Evan ...

Wallachia 737 Further reading: Gerald of Wales, The Journey through Wales/The Description of Wales, trans. Lewis Thorpe (New Yor ...

738 wall painting own orthodox archbishopric at Arges in 1359. The king of Hungary, Louis I of Anjou (r. 1342–82), however, was ...

warfare 739 Further reading: Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading(Philadelphia: Univer- sity of Pen ...