1. MedievWorld1_fm_4pp.qxd

680 swine brother, Magnus I Barnlock (r. 1275–90). In about 1280, to strengthen his military resources, Magnus granted fis- cal ...

synagogue 681 The survival of Switzerland was therefore based on political alliances and military successes against lay and eccl ...

682 Syria Within CHRISTENDOMlay and ecclesiastical adminis- tration usually tolerated the synagogue. Jews could use and repair s ...

683 T al-Tabari, Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir (839– 923) Persian historian, legal scholar, commentator on the Quran Born about 8 ...

684 Talmud 1433 and others, the Adamites, led by Prokop Holy (d. 1434) retreated into exaggerated spiritualism and sex- ual exce ...

House of Tancred substituted the rule of the Turks for that of the Mongols. He was supported by local Muslim elites and Sufis an ...

686 tapestry Further reading: Raimundus de Agiles, Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem,trans. John Hugh Hill and Laurita ...

Templars 687 ECCLESIASTICAL TAXATION The church’s first financial system rested on its landed property or patrimony, as well as ...

688 testaments with distinctive round churches. The Templars took the vows of obedience, CHASTITY, and POVERTY. They were fanati ...

theater 689 of brief prayers, MASS, military duties, and, for monks, FASTING, personal poverty, and vows of obedience. The head ...

690 Theodora I Further reading:Richard Beadle, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Theatre(Cambridge: Cam- bridge U ...

Theodosian Code 691 Press, 1985); Charles Diehl, Byzantine Empresses,trans. Harold Bell and Theresa de Kerpely (New York: Knopf, ...

692 Theodulf of Orléans source, and much therefore had to be assembled and discovered in dispersed regional and personal archive ...

Thierry of Chartres 693 Theology West and East (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Cistercian, 1996); Peter Biller and A. J. Minnis, eds., Mediev ...

694 Third Orders The Heroic Age,with notes and additions by Lesley Smith and Benedicta Ward (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001). Third Ord ...

Toledo 695 hours designated precise moments in days and nights to which were assigned particular devotions or activities. There ...

696 tombs of the town’s history. Up to about 1300 Arabic was the language of written expression in Toledo and probably oral comm ...

Toulouse 697 practicing their old religion in secret, even when they had been baptized. He was involved in the creation of an IN ...

698 tournament Aquitaine, they turned their attention south, moving on BARCELONAto seize in an attempt to enlarge their power ov ...

Traversari, Ambrogio 699 Illustrative Documents with Introductions and Notes(New York: Columbia University Press, 1955); K. N. C ...