1. MedievWorld1_fm_4pp.qxd

700 treason such as Niccolò Niccoli (1364–1437). He interceded for Cosimo on the latter’s imprisonment in 1433. He trans- lated ...

Trota 701 Tripoli (Tarabulus, Atrabulus, the western Tripoli) A city in North AFRICAin present-day LIBYA, Tripoli should not be ...

702 troubadours Further reading:Monica H. Green, ed. and trans., The Trota: A Medieval Compendium of Women’s Medicine (Philadelp ...

Turks and Turkomans 703 troops and had recently converted to SUNNIISLAM. In 1037 he began the conquest of Persia and the ABBASID ...

704 Tuscany MONGOLS in the 13th century. The Seljuks and the Ottomans eventually dominated the Middle East and absorbed the BYZA ...

Tyre 705 only to that of ACREin importance. In 1187, after the defeat at the Battle of the Horns of HATTINand the col- lapse of ...

706 U Ubertino da Casale (ca. 1259–ca. 1329/30)mystic, theologian Probably from near GENOA, Ubertino entered the FRAN- CISCAN OR ...

Umar I ibn al-Khattab, Caliph 707 combine naturalism with particular attention to realism and detail. He soon turned to ideas an ...

708 Umayyads Further reading:Fred M. Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981); Fr ...

universities and schools 709 kills any hunter who tries to go near it. However, if a virgin approaches it, the animal meekly wal ...

710 Urban II, Blessed beginning of the sixth century. They spread throughout western Christian Europe over the next two centurie ...

Ursula, Saint, and her companions, legend of 711 and the support of the NORMANSin ITA LY, he was able to return to Rome in 1093. ...

712 usury persecutions of the emperors Maximian (r. 286–305) and DIOCLETIAN. There also occurred a misreading of a text specifyi ...

utraquists and utraquism 713 disguising it in ways similar to those devised by Chris- tians. Such actually rare activity, by the ...

714 V Valdemar I the Great SeeWALDEMARI THEGREAT. Valdemar II the Conqueror SeeWALDEMARII THE CONQUEROR. Valencia Medieval Valen ...

Valladolid 715 was covered with shields and coats of mail. There were 640 doors through which the warriors would pour out to do ...

716 Vallombrosa were attacked by the sermons of Vincent FERRER. Their persecution by the INQUISITION continued even after many c ...

Vandals 717 ...

718 Van der Weyden, Rogier slaves or soldiers for the wars against the Persians thus ending the Vandal kingdom. See alsoGOTHS;OS ...

Venice 719 villages maintained their links with the BYZANTINES in Ravenna, although by the eighth century this tie had become th ...