1. MedievWorld1_fm_4pp.qxd

660 sermons and homilies Peasant Servitude in Medieval Catalonia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Paul Freedman, I ...

sexuality and sexual attitudes 661 Further reading:David L. Wagner, ed. The Seven Lib- eral Arts in the Middle Ages(Bloomington: ...

662 Sforza family avoid it. It was a consequence of original sin placed on all human beings after the fall of Adam and Eve. This ...

Sicilian Vespers 663 Sunni believed that this authority rested more widely on all of the companions of the Prophet. Ali also ref ...

664 Sicily Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ...

Siena 665 sickness and disease In a medieval Christian context in the East and the West, sickness was a conse- quence of origina ...

666 Siger of Brabant Siena remained independent, however, until the mid-16th century, when it was taken after a difficult and de ...

silk and silk roads 667 Averroism.” However, with the criticism he received from Aquinas and from Bishop Stephen Tempier’s (r. 1 ...

668 silver and silversmiths A History(New York: Facts On File, 1986); Luca Molà, The Silk Industry of Renaissance Venice(Baltimo ...

Sinai 669 the king. He eagerly sought reconciliation with Henry. He even assembled the Great PARLIAMENT of 1265, which included, ...

670 skaldic poetry skaldic poetry SeeICELAND ANDICELANDIC LITERATURE. Skanderbeg(George Castriota, Iskander Bey)(1404– 1468)Alba ...

Sofia 671 and along Lakes Peipus and Ladoga, displacing Balt and Finnish tribes. Between the sixth and the ninth centuries, thre ...

672 Songhai became the Slavic and Bulgarian town of Sofia. Captured by the BULGARSin 809, the town became subordinate to the new ...

Split 673 the north. From then the history and culture of the peninsula followed several courses of development. Running through ...

674 spoliaand right of spoil Croatian princes established an independent principality there and it was annexed by TOMISLAVI to t ...

Stephen I of Hungary, Saint 675 statutes Beside collections of ecclesiastical laws, in the Middle Ages this term referred to col ...

676 Stephen Dusˇan from the HOLYROMANEMPIRE. Stephen also organized his realm, established an army, promoted agricultural devel- ...

Suger of Saint Denis, Abbot 677 stirrup SeeCAVALRY. Studium Generale SeeUNIVERSITIES AND SCHOOLS. Sturluson, Snorri SeeSNORRISTU ...

678 suicide suicide Suicide was seemingly rare in the Middle Ages. Sources are reticent, but it is evident that suicides occurre ...

Sweden 679 place of execution during the Middle Ages and was looted many times before the 19th century. See alsoBURIAL RULES AND ...