A Grammar of Madurese

44 Chapter 2 Phonology [snn] ‘happy’ includes geminate n. The cognate in Indonesian is [səna], with a single [n]. Indonesian ...

Phonological processes 45 root, the vowel can optionally be deleted in an open syllable when preceded by a consonant and followe ...

46 Chapter 2 Phonology 6. Morphophonemic processes There are a number of morphophonemic rules which apply only in the environ- m ...

Morphophonemic processes 47 (59) surface root actor voice pɔɔl [mɔɔl] ‘hit’ pɤkta [makta] ‘bring’ bɤca [maca] ‘read’ ɔlɛs [n ...

48 Chapter 2 Phonology (60) tada ‘dance’ [panadɤ ‘dancer’ uu ‘point’ [panɔu] ‘pointer/hand of a clock’ kakan ‘eat ...

Morphophonemic processes 49 environments. For example, it is possible to find the following forms with the iterative suffix (64) ...

50 Chapter 2 Phonology high vowel ɤ rather than the base non-high vowel a. With vowel-final stems, depending on the quality of t ...

Orthography 51 (70) ka + ɔrɔn + an  [kəɔrɔnan] ‘descendant’ pa + sənnə  [pəssənnə ‘make happy’ sa + raɔs  [sərraɔs] ‘ ...

52 Chapter 2 Phonology ficient number of symbols to represent this three-way contrast. Additionally, the vowel inventories of th ...

Orthography 53 Seven vowels were represented: sound symbol  i ɛ è^ a a ɤ â/ă^ ə e u oe ɔ o In 1973, there was a meeting of scho ...

54 Chapter 2 Phonology ‘read’, are pronounced as [a] [maca], as well as in kata’ ‘frog’ [kata]. Given the relatively small numb ...

Orthography 55 (73) The 1973 Standard Orthography  i ɛ e^ a a ɤ a^ ə e u u ɔ o In some recent work, Indonesian linguists have e ...

56 Chapter 2 Phonology (74) Orthographies used in recent work sound Asmoro (1950) Safioedin (1977) Zainudin et al. (1978) Moehni ...

Orthography 57 u u u u u u ɔ o o o o o Of these systems, the orthography used by Zainudin et al. (1978) captures the most phonem ...

58 Chapter 2 Phonology (76) form phonetic rep. phonological process spelling 'expected' spelling sa + ella + na 'after' [saɛ ...

Orthography 59 (78) The Newly Adopted Orthography sound symbol  symbol p p  ' p bh h h b b m m t t n n  dh  ny d d  ...

60 Chapter 2 Phonology (79) 1973 orthography 2008 orthography^35 dungeng dhungèng ‘story’ gula ghulâ ‘sugar’ memba mèmbhâ ‘eyebr ...

Chapter 3 Lexical categories This chapter considers the issue of what lexical categories should be recognized in Madurese. As in ...

62 Chapter 3 Lexical categories Open class categories As stated above, determining how many major lexical classes to recognize ...

Open class categories 63 penter ‘smart’ sapenter kene’ ‘small’ sakene' Considering the paradigm, which can be replicated manyfol ...