A Grammar of Madurese

84 Chapter 3 Lexical categories Finally, as is true of many languages in the area, personal names and terms of address can serve ...

Closed class categories 85 are often used with names, in this instance again specifying that this is a person that the speaker h ...

86 Chapter 3 Lexical categories clitic form can be used when the numeral precedes the quantified nominal ex- pression. This is i ...

Closed class categories 87 In (81a), tello' ‘three’ quantifies and implicit argument given in the context. In (81b), tello ́ act ...

88 Chapter 3 Lexical categories kabbi ‘all’ para ‘all’ sabban ‘each/every’ sakone' ‘a few/a little/some’ Quantifiers can be used ...

Closed class categories 89 dha'ramma ‘how’ baramma ‘how’ barampa ‘how much/many’ When reduplicated, most interrogatives are inte ...

90 Chapter 3 Lexical categories The sentences in (92) illustrate the subordinating conjunctions mon ‘if’ (92a) and sopaja ‘so th ...

Closed class categories 91 The use of most of these expressions is fairly straightforward. For example, the negative particles t ...

92 Chapter 3 Lexical categories In (98), ra serves to emphasize the negative imperative: (98) Ja' nanges, ra! don’t cry EMPH ‘Do ...

Closed class categories 93 neng ‘only’ sa ‘1’ dhu ‘2’ pa' ‘4’ nem ‘6’ Clitics can be identified phonologically and morphological ...

94 Chapter 3 Lexical categories (106) a. Dhokter jiya mareksa dhokter juwa. doctor this AV.examine doctor that ‘This doctor exam ...

Closed class categories 95 (110) a. Ano apa ba'na edhinna'? uh what you at.here ‘Why are you here?’ b. Kaula sakalangkong terroe ...

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Chapter 4 Morphology There are two basic morphological processes in Madurese: affixation and redup- lication. The major affixes ...

98 Chapter 4 Morphology However, when suffixed to other adjectives, the result is a comparative adjec- tive as in (4) pote ‘whit ...

Affixation 99 1.1 Verbal morphology One of the most salient properties of Madurese morphology is the voice system, morphology th ...

100 Chapter 4 Morphology As discussed in Chapter 3, whether these should be considered noun roots or precategorial roots is open ...

Affixation 101 1.1.2 Actor voice a-, /a/ The actor voice prefix a- works in much the same way as ng- to derive verbs in the acto ...

102 Chapter 4 Morphology (17) root actor voice bukka' ‘open’ abukka' ‘be opened’ totop ‘close’ atotop ‘be closed’ esse ‘fill’ ae ...

Affixation 103 1.1.4 Involitive ta-, /ta/ As described in Chapter 3, ta- is affixed to verb stems (again, root or derived) gener ...