A History of the World From the 20th to the 21st Century

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The shape of the future world after August 1914 would now be decided by force. At the outset of the war all the major nations la ...

Ostend Dunkirk NORTH SEA NETHERLANDS BELGIUM LUX. French6th Army B.E.F. French5th Army French9th Army French3rd Army French4th A ...

As the Germans rapidly advanced, their offen- sive ran out of steam. General Gallieni, appointed to defend Paris, now conceived ...

The first of the belligerents to organise their production and manpower, however, were the Germans. The British naval blockade r ...

British Isles. To avoid capture the submarines tor- pedoed, without warning, boats bound for Britain. On 7 May 1915 the Germans ...

power in Europe and the wider world. It belongs with the wars of international insanity of the first half of the twentieth centu ...

dangers to a peaceful Europe if the kaiser and Prussian militarism were to get away with break- ing treaties and attacking weake ...

successful in this respect, persuading the Turks to attack Russia and enter the war in October 1914. The Turkish decision not on ...

would he be able to keep in check crude concepts of military conquest? In the plans for a peace following a German victory which ...

destroy Prussian militarism. The economic imbal- ance between Germany and France was to be righted by territorial cessions and b ...

once again in 1916. Some 4 million men had by then been lost. The tsarist government, despite the vast reserve of population, wa ...

The upheavals in Russia during 1917 changed the history of the world. Russia broke with the evolu- tionary Western path of natio ...

pean states was caused by the need of advanced Western countries to find new profitable markets for investment. Lenin elaborated ...

But before this he was allowed a second chance and after three years of waiting and petitioning was readmitted to Kazan Universi ...

group organised assassinations and thereby satis- fied the demand for immediate revolutionary action. In the long run the revolu ...

The rioting that spontaneously broke out in Petrograd – formerly St Petersburg – early in March (23 February by Russian dating) ...

without delay. There seemed no contradiction. The Duma was the one institution that provided continuity and embodied constitutio ...

that the provisional government was the great antagonist already of the ‘republic’ of soviet workers and poor peasants taking sh ...

1 Murmansk Archangel Petrograd Stockholm Danzig Cracow (Livonia) Riga (Courland) Moscow RUSSIA FINLAND ESTONIA SWEDEN 0 300 mile ...