The Foundations of Chemistry

Exercises 475 Diffusion The movement of a substance (e.g., a gas) into a space or the mixing of one substance (e.g., a gas) with ...

476 CHAPTER 12: Gases and the Kinetic–Molecular Theory smokestack, rises about 10 m into the air. Viewed against a clear sky, it ...

Exercises 477 (d) If a sample of gas is cooled from 1000.°C to 200.°C, the volume will decrease by a factor of 5. (e) If a sampl ...

478 CHAPTER 12: Gases and the Kinetic–Molecular Theory 0 *41.A 503-mL flask contains 0.0243 mol of an ideal gas at a given tempe ...

Exercises 479 0 *61.Assume that unpolluted air has the composition shown in Table 12-2. (a) Calculate the number of molecules of ...

480 CHAPTER 12: Gases and the Kinetic–Molecular Theory KHCO 3 , potassium hydrogen carbonate, so that CO 2 is not inhaled in sig ...

Exercises 481 Mixed Exercises *098.A student is to perform a laboratory experiment that requires the evolution and collection of ...

482 CHAPTER 12: Gases and the Kinetic–Molecular Theory 16.0°C. The vapor pressure of pure acetic acid at 16.0°C is 400. torr. Wh ...

Liquids and Solids 13 ...

OUTLINE 13-1 Kinetic–Molecular Description of Liquids and Solids 13-2 Intermolecular Attractions and Phase Changes The Liquid St ...

TT he molecules of most gases are so widely separated at ordinary temperatures and pressures that they do not interact with one ...

KINETIC–MOLECULAR DESCRIPTION OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS The properties listed in Table 13-1 can be qualitatively explained in terms ...

two blocks of different solids, such as copper and lead, that have been pressed together for a period of years shows that each b ...

Ionic compounds such as NaCl, CaBr 2 , and K 2 SO 4 exist as extended arrays of discrete ions in the solid state. As we shall se ...

dioxide, SO 2. Dipole–dipole interactions are illustrated in Figure 13-3. All dipole–dipole interactions, including hydrogen bon ...

of weak hydrogen bonds to chlorine atoms, such as OXH,Cl. However, most chemists usually restrict usage of the term “hydrogen bo ...

Dispersion Forces Dispersion forcesare weak attractive forces that are important only over extremelyshort distances because they ...

rable molecular weight boil at lower temperatures. In the absence of hydrogen bonding, boiling points of analogous substances (C ...

VISCOSITY Viscosityis the resistance to flow of a liquid. Honey has a high viscosity at room temper- ature, and freely flowing g ...

in which the surface area is minimal. For a given volume, a sphere has the least possible surface area, so drops of liquid tend ...