The Foundations of Chemistry

EVAPORATION Evaporation,or vaporization,is the process by which molecules on the surface of a liquid break away and go into the ...

A molecule in the vapor may strike the liquid surface and be captured there. This process, the reverse of evaporation, is called ...

Easily vaporized liquids are called volatileliquids, and they have relatively high vapor pressures. The most volatile liquid in ...

We can understand the order of vapor pressures of the four liquids cited in Table 13-4 and Figure 13-13 by considering the stren ...

very strongly with one another, are not effectively separated by simple distillation but require a modification called fractiona ...

Condensation is the reverse of evaporation. The amount of heat that must be removed from a vapor to condense it (without change ...

EXAMPLE 13-2 Heat of Vaporization Compare the amount of “cooling” experienced by an individual who drinks 400. mL of ice water ( ...

EXAMPLE 13-3 Vapor Pressure Versus Temperature The normal boiling point of ethanol, C 2 H 5 OH, is 78.3°C, and its molar heat of ...

We have described many properties of liquids and discussed how they depend on inter- molecular forces of attraction. The general ...

at the melting point until all of the substance has melted. After melting is complete, the continued addition of heat results in ...

EXAMPLE 13-5 Heat of Fusion The molar heat of fusion, Hfus, of Na is 2.6 kJ/mol at its melting point, 97.5°C. How much heat must ...

EXAMPLE 13-6 Heat of Fusion Calculate the amount of heat that must be absorbed by 50.0 grams of ice at 12.0°C to convert it to ...

PHASE DIAGRAMS (PVERSUS T) We have discussed the general properties of the three phases of matter. Now we can describe phase dia ...

Line ABrepresents the liquid–solid equilibrium conditions. We see that it has a nega- tive slope. Water is one of the very few s ...

decreased to, say, 234 torr at point H.If we wished to hold the pressure at 234 torr and condense some of the vapor, it would be ...

AMORPHOUS SOLIDS AND CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS We have already seen that solids have definite shapes and volumes, are not very compress ...

Figure 13-19 (a) X-ray diffraction by crystals (schematic). (b) A photograph of the X-ray diffraction pattern from a crystal of ...

STRUCTURES OF CRYSTALS All crystals contain regularly repeating arrangements of atoms, molecules, or ions. They are analogous (b ...

distinguished by the relations between the unit cell lengths and angles andby the symmetry of the resulting three-dimensional pa ...

substances that crystallize in the same type of lattice with the same atomic arrangement are said to be isomorphous.A single sub ...