1. MedievWorld1_fm_4pp.qxd

380 insanity, treatment of against the inquisitors, who were perceived to be greedy, or at other times turned in those deemed he ...

Iraq 381 Time of Pope Innocent III, 1198–1216(Washington, D.C.: American Historical Association, 1909). investiture controversy ...

382 Ireland used in the Middle Ages, Iraqmeans Mesopotamia or the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers as a whole. The f ...

Irnerius 383 Catholicism, in the Celtic countries. He obtained a papal endorsement for his military expedition in 1170/1. Dur- i ...

384 irrigation at the court of Countess Matilda of TUSCANY(1046– 1111) and later for the emperors Henry V (r. 1111–25) and Lotha ...

Isaurians and the Isaurian dynasty 385 Press, 1985); George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State,trans. Joan Hussey (Oxfo ...

386 Isidore of Seville, Saint called an Isaurian, though in reality he was from SYRIA. Nevertheless, the name stuck for his dyna ...

Ismailis 387 overall tribal chieftain more powerful than the others. This word also conveyed one of the fundamental Muslim conce ...

388 Italian Renaissance (ghaybah), and destined to return to his faithful followers in the future. Influenced by Persian Gnostic ...

Italy 389 centers of medieval civilization, and its historical, economic, and cultural evolution was profoundly con- nected with ...

390 Ivan III the Great of Moscovy After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century, Italy was dominated by German ...

ivory and ivories 391 Further reading: John Lister Illingworth Fennell, Ivan the Great of Moscow(London: Macmillan, 1961); Ian G ...

J 392 Jacob ben Meir SeeTAM,JACOB BENMEIR(RABBENU TAM). Jacobus or Jacopo da/de Voragine SeeJAMES OFVOR- AGINE(JACOBUS DEVORAGIN ...

Jagiellonian dynasty 393 landlord oppression, and war. The leaders were primarily village notables, rural artisans, or country p ...

394 al-Jahiz, Abu Uthman Amr ibn Bahr al-Fukaymi al-Basra of his 12 sons and daughters. One of Gedymin’s sons, Algirdas, grand d ...

James of Vitry 395 James I the Conqueror(Jaume, Jaimey) (1208–1276) king of Aragon, count of Barcelona The son of Peter II (r. 1 ...

396 James of Voragine OFTYRE. The work, also a guide to the Holy Land, was a scathing attack on MUHAMMAD and early ISLAM. As a f ...

Successors of Jenghiz Khan Jean de Meun(Jehan Meung Chopinel, Clopinel) See ROMAN DE LAROSE. Jenghiz Khan(Genghis, Chinggis, Chi ...

398 Jerome, Saint opened the way for an assault on China proper. In 1211 the Mongols invaded and overran the whole of the region ...

Jerusalem, Latin Kingdom of399 Muhammad’s ascent to heaven, and immediately built a modest MOSQUEthere. Under Caliph ABD-AL-MALI ...