1. MedievWorld1_fm_4pp.qxd

400 Jerusalem, Latin Kingdom of In 1113, an ordinance of King BALDWINI prescribed the colonization of the city by Christians, in ...

...

402 Jewish art and architecture The crusaders built religious buildings in the north, among them the ROMANESQUEchurch of Saint A ...

jihad 403 coercion. But by the end of the Middle Ages even conver- sion did not alleviate their suspect status. Among the worst ...

404 Joachim, abbot of Fiore by the KHARIJITESand the Ibadis, to be a sixth pillar of ISLAM. All Muslims were obliged to wage the ...

Joan of Arc, Saint 405 THE LEGEND According to the version that circulated from the late 13th century, around 850, an English wo ...

406 Johannes Andreae Johannes Andreae(Giovanni d’Andrea)(ca. 1270– 1348)Italian teacher of canon and civil law Born about 1270 i ...

John XXII, Pope 407 some opposition on August 15/16, 1118. During the first part of his reign, the austere John campaigned in th ...

408 John Balliol SCIENTIFIC INTERESTS AND WEALTH Some of this time was probably devoted to scientific stud- ies. Various works o ...

John of Capistrano, Saint 409 Shortly afterward, after his first childless marriage had been annulled, John married Isabella (d. ...

410 John of Gaunt peace. He was further renowned for his PREACHINGon ethical and social questions, especially against luxury and ...

John of Salisbury 411 Medieval Political Thought, 300–1450(New York: Rout- ledge, 1996). John of Plano Carpini (di Carpine) (ca. ...

412 John Scottus Eriugena Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962); Hans Liebeschütz, Mediaeval Humanism in the Life and ...

Judah ben Samuel Halevi 413 Joinville, Jean de (Jehan de)(ca. 1224–1317)heredi- tary seneschal of Champagne, French author The n ...

414Judaism INTELLECTUAL AND RELIGIOUS WORKS Some of his contemporary Jewish intellectuals were suc- cumbing to Greek rationalism ...

justice 415 mentor, was a charlatan and magician and a poor model for intellectual and religious pagan revival. Also mis- guided ...

416 justice, administration of govern equity in mutual exchange, voluntarily and involuntarily. This was an important aspect of ...

Justinian I 417 Emperor Justinian, mosaic from San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy (Scala / Art Resource) ...

418 Justinian, Code of years, their autocracy and the mounting burden of gov- ernmental expense made their regime oppressive and ...

just war 419 enthusiastic about Roman warfare and soldiering. A great change occurred with Christian control of the state and po ...