1. MedievWorld1_fm_4pp.qxd

520 Nicholas II, Pope imperial estates. Trying to promote economic growth, he forbade his subjects to buy luxury products to lim ...

Nicolaism 521 took place at some point between 1341 and 1347. He had been condemned for a confused group of anti-Aristotelian th ...

522 Nicolaitism Nicolaitism (Nicolaism) The name and concept of Nicolaitism refer to Nicolaus of ANTIOCH, one of the seven deaco ...

Norbert of Xanten, Saint 523 rose to the rank of noble, while various statuses became more elaborate and closely defined. But st ...

524 Normandy and the Normans II (r. 1118–19), but the pope died soon after at CLUNY and with him Norbert’s license to preach. No ...

Normans in Italy 525 In 1035 William “Iron Arm” of Hauteville (d. 1046) began with his brothers the military conquest of Apulia ...

526 North Africa at the Battle of Civitate in 1053 and even taken prisoner. After a papal ransom and an agreement between Robert ...

Notker the Stammerer, Saint 527 University Press, 1995); T. K. Derry, A History of Norway (London: Allen and Unwin, 1957). notar ...

528 Notre-Dame of Paris, Cathedral of Notre-Dame of Paris, Cathedral of This was the CATHEDRAL for the city of PARIS. Situated o ...

nuns and nunneries 529 community used isolation, fear, and stern disciple to judge a postulant’s vocation or desire for the mona ...

530 Nur al-Din Muhammad ibn Zangi Nuns played important roles in medieval society and culture as scholars, mystics, artists, pol ...

O 531 oath In the Middle Ages the oath or solemn pledge invoking a divine name to witness the truth of a state- ment was an esse ...

532 Ochrida age of reason, who were offered to a monastery by par- ents to become monks or nuns for life. This offering was a co ...

offices, monastic and canonical 533 biographies for Maiolus and the empress ADELAIDE. Having became famous for his generosity to ...

534 Olaf I Trygvesson these offices in churches or monasteries, especially at evening vespers. The rhythm and ordering of the of ...

optics 535 complete fulfillment of an ideal of life involving action and contemplation. In later life he wrote an interpretation ...

536 Orcagna, Andrea di Cione Arcagnolo Further reading:John Peckham, John Pecham and the Science of Optics: Perspectiva communis ...

Orientalism 537 aristocracy, to describe knightly life and the monastic world. It is the main and most reliable source for Engli ...

538 Origen See alsoANTI-JUDAISM AND ANTI-SEMITISM; ANTIPODES; CRUSADES; GOG AND MAGOG;JEWS ANDJUDAISM;MANDEV- ILLE,JOHN, ANDMAND ...

Otto I the Great 539 women were found in the boat, once believed to be Queen Asa, grandmother of King Harald I Fairhair (r. 880– ...