1. MedievWorld1_fm_4pp.qxd

500 Monophysitism LIFE UNDER THE MONGOLS After the massacres and destruction that generally accom- panied these conquests, the M ...

Montpellier 501 Palermo. The king supported his foundation by the incomes from the fortified mountains towns of Lato, Calatrasi, ...

502 Mont Saint-Michel This was due to a TEXTILEindustry, banking, commerce, and the important presence of Italian, Catalan, and ...

Morea, Chronicle of,and despot of 503 send missionaries. CYRIL and Methodios arrived in Moravia about 863. GREAT MORAVIA AND BOH ...

504 Moriscos of the province in 1383. So at the beginning of the 15th century, the Morea was divided into Neapolitan, Vene- tian ...

mosque 505 See alsoMANORS AND MANORIAL LORDSHIP; PEASANTRY; SOCIAL STATUS AND STRUCTURE; TAXATION, TAXES, AND TRIBUTE. Further r ...

506 Mosul near BAGHDAD, which has a spiral minaret and a capacity of 100,000 faithful. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the FATIM ...

Mudejar 507 the SELJUKTURKSconquered the city. Zangi (r. 1127–46) proclaimed his independence in Mosul from the Seljuks in 1127. ...

508 Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib Mudejares’ right to toleration or even existence. This was enforced by the Spanish ...

music 509 that, political goals seemed always to have preceded reli- gious motives. Just before his death in 632, Muhammad attem ...

510 mystery and miracle plays See also ANTIPHONS; ARS ANTIQUA AND ARS NOVA; GOLIARDIC POETS; GREGORIAN CHANT; HYMNS, HYMNALS, AN ...

mysticism, Jewish 511 Christ, who had abandoned civilization to contemplate God and salvation in the wilderness. ORIGENand GRE- ...

N 512 Nachmanides, Moses (Nahmanides, Moshe ben Nach- man, Ramban, Bonastrug da Porta) (ca. 1194–ca. 1270) scholar, philosopher, ...

Naples and Kingdom of Naples 513 fertility of the surrounding countryside. Naples passed under the rule of the NORMANking of SIC ...

514 narthex FREDERICKII. He encouraged economic development by fostering maritime commerce and the textile industry. In 1224 Fre ...

Navarre, kingdom of 515 (Cologne: Könemann, 2000), 272–297; Hugh Kennedy, Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al- ...

516 nave Aragon by occupying the Spanish part of the kingdom in 1512. See alsoASTURIAS-LEÓN,KINGDOM OF;BASQUES. Further reading: ...

Netherlands 517 Further reading:Stephen Gersh, Middle Platonism and Neoplatonism: The Latin Tradition, 2 vols. (Notre Dame, Ind. ...

518 Neustria voor Prae-uen Protohistorie, 1989); Walter Prevenier, The Burgundian Netherlands(Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity ...

Nicaea, Empire of 519 Further reading: Arthur T. Hatto, trans., The Nibelungenlied (New York: Penguin, 1969); Michael S. Batts, ...