1. MedievWorld1_fm_4pp.qxd

540 Otto I the Great Fowler (r. 919–936) and of Saint Matilda (d. 968). Otto married in 929 an Anglo-Saxon princess named Edith ...

Ottoman Turks and Empire 541 Otto III (980–1002)king of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor Otto III was crowned king in December 983 at ...

542 Ottonian art Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976–197 ...

Oxford and Oxford University 543 As a famous and important historian, he wrote his The Two Citiesbetween 1143 and 1145; it ended ...

544 Oxford and Oxford University By 1500 there were some 10 secular colleges with some 200 students with the religious colleges ...

P 545 Pachomius(ca. 292–346)traditional founder of coeno- bitic monasticism Pachomius was born about 292 in southern EGYPT.He wa ...

546 paganism and Christianization A major basilica built in his honor drew a large number of pilgrims. In the 12th century Padu ...

Palaiologos imperial dynasty 547 See alsoAUGUSTINE OFCANTERBURY, SAINT; BONI- FACE,SAINT; MISSIONS AND MISSIONARIES; PREACHING A ...

548 Palamas, Gregory, Saint planned Western expedition by CHARLES I OFANJOU against him. He also died in 1282. ANDRONIKOS II AND ...

Palermo 549 calm of the intervening years between 1349 and 1350, Palamas wrote a summary of his theological teaching in The One ...

550 Palestine was at least as large as it was to be in the 18th century. It consisted of the old Roman and Punic or Carthaginian ...

Palm Sunday 551 to taxes on persons and on land. The laws of the UMAYYADS, and ABBASIDS, were fairly tolerant. Christians were a ...

552 Palmyra the blessing of palms. The Passion according to the gospel of Saint Matthew was read at MASSon that day. The blessed ...

papacy 553 authority of the medieval popes rarely extended beyond the limits of western and central Europe and was often contest ...

554 Papal States PHILIPIV THEFAIR; PIUSII, POPE; SYLVESTERII, POPE; URBANII, POPE;URBANVI, POPE. Further reading:J. T. Shotwell ...

Paradise 555 After the stretched form was drained, it was placed between layers of felt and pressed to remove the water. The res ...

556 parasites from the Garden of Eden. There were specific rewards for specific actions. There was no agreement among all Mus- l ...

Paris and the University of Paris 557 faults, was common. For important books the practice from late antiquity was to use parchm ...

558 parish dean. This system became a model imitated all over northern Europe. Popes tried to make the new university doctrinal ...

Parliament, English 559 parish. The financial endowments remained the prop- erty of the lord, either lay or ecclesiastical, who ...