1. MedievWorld1_fm_4pp.qxd

480 Mary, cult of Anjou. He painted altarpieces in San Gimignano, PISA, and Orvieto. The end of his career, from 1340 onward, wa ...

masons and masonry 481 Further reading:James Beck, Masaccio, the Docu- ments(Locust Valley, N.Y.: J. J. Augustin, 1978); Bruce C ...

482 Mass, liturgy of Modern Times (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1949). Mass, liturgy of Mass was the name used to de ...

medicine 483 MUHAMMADbecause of its shrine of the KABA. That occu- pied an enclosed space or basin which rain-fed torrents often ...

484 Medina Persian, Indian, and Jewish sources on anatomy and dis- eases formed the basis of the study and development of the me ...

mendicant orders 485 1300–1600,trans. Norman Itzkowitz and Colin Imber (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973); Steven Runci- ma ...

486 menorah The Friars in Medieval France: A Catalogue of French Mendicant Convents, 1200–1550 (New York: Columbia University Pr ...

metalsmiths and metal work, metallurgy 487 dynasty’s fortunes, but they were only partially successful. The last Merinid was rem ...

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Milan Cathedral of fuel or proximity of water transport played an essential role in promoting sites of production. By the 14th c ...

490 Milan decline. A recovery, already evident by the end of the LOMBARDkingdom in the social and economic sphere, became more e ...

millenarianism, Christian 491 The death of Filippo Maria Visconti (r. 1412–47) in 1447 without male heirs opened another dynasti ...

492 mills, wind and water reprint, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998); Paul J. Alexander, The Byzantine Apocalyptic Trad ...

ministerials 493 among them the minaret at BUKHARAfrom 1127, and that of Jam in Afghanistan from about 1180. See alsoART AND ARC ...

494 mints France and Germany from the Sixth to the Twelfth Century (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1979). mints SeeMONEY AND MINTS. m ...

missions and missionaries, Christian 495 were for directed to anyone or any group seeking to build a well-governed state or lead ...

496 Mistra end of the Middle Ages the church had developed a strong missionary program that it was to put to use ardently during ...

monasticism 497 NURSIA, the aims of Western monasticism were defined by the BENEDICTINERule. It was based on a desire to lead a ...

498 money and mints SAINT;HERMITS AND EREMITISM; ICONOCLASM ANDICONO- CLASTIC CONTROVERSY; MILITARY ORDERS;NORBERT OF XANTEN,SAI ...

Mongols and the Mongol Empire 499 Around 1390 TAMERLANE, an adventurer, attached himself to another Mongol dynasty in Turkestan ...