1. MedievWorld1_fm_4pp.qxd

620 Renard the Fox Press, 1982); Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy,2 vols., trans. S. G. C. Middlem ...

Richard I Lionheart 621 kings of France. The town became well known for the quality of its schools until it was eclipsed by PARI ...

622 Richard II He was betrothed to Princess Alais of FRANCEbut married Berengaria of NAVARRE in 1191. However, he showed little ...

ritual murder 623 Richard II: The Art of Kingship(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999); Richard H. Jones, The Royal Policy of Richard ...

624 Riurik 1169 by Thomas of Monmouth, the Jews each year decided which community would be instructed to mimic and mock Christ’s ...

Robin Hood 625 expeditiously. Travel by water was slower but often more comfortable. Conditions in the Byzantine and Islamic wor ...

626 Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar controversial. As a composite figure, he probably did have some historical basis, however. There are h ...

Rollo 627 helpful in capturing Reggio in 1060. He was installed as Roger I of SICILY, called the Great Count, in 1061. He exploi ...

628 Romagna Göngu-Hrólfr, or Hrolf the Ganger, he became a leg- endary figure to whom a saga was dedicated in the 14th century. ...

Romanesque art and architecture 629 conduct, and activity remained contemporary. They were read and enjoyed not only by the knig ...

630 Rome See also CRYPTS; OTTONIAN ART; PILGRIMAGE AND PILGRIMAGE SITES;SUGER OFSAINTDENIS, ABBOT;SANTI- AGO DECOMPOSTELA; VÉZEL ...

rosary 631 population fell to a few tens of thousands, yet it was still one of the most populous cities in Europe. In the sec- o ...

Rose window sorrowful mysteries, such as the agony in the garden and the CRUCIFIXION. Suggested also was contemplation of the fi ...

Rumi 633 Hundred Years’ War: Trial by Fire(1990; reprint, Philadel- phia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999); Jenny Stratfo ...

634 runes, runic script, and inscriptions was called Mawlana,“Our Master,” in Persian. He was the founder of the confraternity o ...

Russia and Rus ́ 635 The Rurikid dynasty ruled RUSSIA ANDRUS ́from the ninth century until 1598 or 1614. See alsoKIEV ANDKIEVANR ...

636 Ruysbroeck, Jan van, Blessed Longman, 1996); Thomas S. Noonan, “European Russia, c.900–1016,” in The New Cambridge Medieval ...

637 S Saba SeeSAVANEMANJA OFSERBIA,SAINT. sabbath and witches’ sabbath The sabbath had two meanings in the Middle Ages and RENAI ...

638 sacramentary became one of the bases for an electoral system for the Holy Roman Empire by defining who were the seven electo ...

Sainte-Chapelle of Paris 639 the plant Crocus sativus.That somewhat rare plant usu- ally only annually bloomed for a two-week pe ...