Genetics of Apoptosis
of the outer membrane (TOM). These channels allow a controlled passage of large molecules, including proteins, across the membra ...
3. Apoptosis pathways So far, two intracellular apoptosis-signaling pathways have been identified, the receptor pathway and the ...
The receptor pathway (see Chapter 1) is activated through ligand binding to receptors in the plasma membrane (Schulze-Osthoff et ...
activates the downstream executioner caspases, without involvement of the mitochondrial pathway (Scaffidi et al., 1998). 4. The ...
Figure 3. The protein domain structure of the Bcl-2 proteins. The Bcl-2 proteins contain up to four highly conserved domains, re ...
5. Structure and channel-forming activity The three-dimensional structures are available for four Bcl-2 family proteins, two ant ...
concentration. This is supported by the NMR structure study where a low octyl glucoside concentration did not induce any signifi ...
p53 protein. Changes in Bax expression have been reported in some pathologic conditions. For example, in one-third of breast ade ...
In contrast to Bax, Bak is found inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane of normal cells (Griffiths et al., 1999). Simila ...
tcBid, through destabilization of the mitochondrial membrane, could facilitate insertion of the multidomain proteins and thereby ...
8.1 Release mechanisms The controversial question is how Bax and other multidomain proteins induce the release of cytochrome c a ...
experiments. However, a negative cross-linking result does not exclude interactions. Nevertheless, these data show that Bax form ...
unclear. In a recent study using confocal and electron microscopy, Bax was found to form large clusters protruding from the mito ...
and ATP. Thus, these results show that although the outer membrane has been permeabilized to allow the passage of cytochrome c, ...
Figure 5. Model for the function of the multidomain proteins. In normal cells, inactive monomeric Bax (rectangle) is present in ...
8.4 Bax-ANT channels Interactions between Bax and the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT), a protein of the inner mitochondria ...
involving the mitochondrial pathway, cytochrome c is released into the cytosol. The central role of cytochrome c in apoptosis ha ...
intracellular pH, matrix alkalinization, and cytosolic acidification. This could be the result of a disturbance of the mitochond ...
140 GENETICS OF APOPTOSIS the Bcl-2 family control the mitochondrial pathway, and that permeabilization of the outer mitochondri ...
7. Regulators and applications of yeast apoptosis Kai-Uwe Fröhlich and Frank Madeo 1. Introduction Apoptosis is a form of progra ...
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