Genetics of Apoptosis
(Nakagawa and Yuan, 2000). Of note, however, the free p20 or p10 subunit of caspase-12 has not yet been observed in vivo; theref ...
the TNF death receptor, which utilizes TRAF-2 to activate NF-κB and JNK survival signals, while simultaneously recruiting and ac ...
of Cyt.c into the cytosol. c-Abl is an obligate requirement for ER stressinduced Cyt.c release because c-Abl-/- MEFs do not rele ...
In summary, sustained ER stress can lead to an apoptotic reaction by unleashing a multitude of diverse signals (Figure 1). By ac ...
Figure 1. ER stress-induced apoptosis. The accumulation of malfolded proteins in the ER triggers the activation of PERK, Irel, a ...
3. Regulation of mitochondrial apoptosis by ER Ca2+ signals 3.1 ER Ca2+ release The ER, or its equivalent in muscle cells, the s ...
of BAD, and Ca2+-dependent activation of the transcription factor MEF2 leads to upregulation of Nur77/TR3 (Youn et al., 1999), w ...
3.3 Regulation of mitochondrial permeability transition by ER Ca2+ spikes during apoptosis The high [Ca2+]m that follows IP 3 R/ ...
cooperate with other mitochondrial apoptotic signals to induce transient opening of the PTP, facilitating release of IMS apoptot ...
mice, the authors found that the BH3-only molecule, tBID, overcomes this problem by activating two distinct steps; a BAX/BAK-ind ...
initiation site of the apoptotic wave accumulate Ca2+ very efficiently, perhaps because they are in close apposition with ER Ca2 ...
al., 2001; Wang et al., 2001). Annis et al. (2002) observed that Bcl-2cb5 confers protection against apoptotic stimuli (Myc, C2 ...
events, such as lipid transfer or release of reactive oxygen species. It has also been reported that Bcl-2 can increase the capa ...
a coiled coil domain with sequence similarity to the death effector domains (DEDs) of procaspase-8 and -10, could weakly associa ...
4.2 BIK Our group has recently discovered that the BH3-only protein, BIK, is transcriptionally upregulated by p53 (Mathai et al. ...
4.4 Presenilins Mutations in presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2) have been linked to inherited forms of early onset Alzhei ...
direct role of wild-type PS1 in the UPR. An inability of neurons expressing AD presenilin mutants to mount a UPR would be expect ...
induced by stress originating outside the ER. The massive surface area of ER membranes might provide a platform for the concentr ...
120 ...
6. Mitochondria in apoptosis induction Bruno Antonsson 1. Introduction Multicellular organisms are dependent on an ordered remov ...
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