A Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

adequate. Nearly all duodenal ulcers and most gastric ulcers that are not associated with NSAIDs are associated withH. pylori, w ...

Ranitidinehas a similar profile of minor side effects to cime- tidine. There have been some very rare reports of breast swelling ...

SUCRALFATE Use Sucralfateis used in the management of benign gastric and duo- denal ulceration and chronic gastritis. Its action ...

ANTI-EMETICS Complex processes underlie nausea and vomiting. Nausea is associated with autonomic effects (sweating, bradycardia, ...

Cyclizinegiven either orally or by injection is effective in opiate-induced vomiting and has been given widely in pregnancy wit ...

cortical centres affecting vomiting via descending pathways seems probable. There is some evidence that opioid pathways are invo ...

IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS Although the exact pathogenetic mechanisms involved in inflammatory bowel disease remain unclear, there ...

in hepatocellular failure to reduce formation and/or absorption of neurotoxins produced in the bowel; occasionally in drug-indu ...

After prolonged use of stimulant laxatives, the colon becomes dilated and atonic with diminished activity. The cause is not clea ...

Ciprofloxacinis occasionally used for prophylaxis against travellers’ diarrhoea, but routine use is not recommended due to conse ...

LIVER DISEASE PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING DRUG TREATMENT OF HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY AND LIVER FAILURE In severe liver dysfunction, neur ...

withdrawal), small doses of benzodiazepines that are metabolized to inactive glucuronide conjugates, e.g. oxazepamare preferred ...

DRUG-INDUCED LIVER DISEASE After oral administration, the entire absorbed dose of a drug is exposed to the liver during the firs ...

and metabolic control pathways, as well as its exact effects on body weight and energy expenditure. In the future, modula- tion ...

APPETITE STIMULATION This is often difficult, as patients with a poor appetite may have a debilitating systemic illness or an un ...

●Introduction 265 ●General physiology of vitamins 265 ●Vitamin A (retinoic acid) and its derivatives 265 ●Vitamin B 1 (thiamine) ...

266 VITAMINS AND TRACE ELEMENTS Maintenance of epithelial cell integrity Stabilization of membranes Component of rhodopsin (esse ...

dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). Niacin can be generated in the body in small amounts ...

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS Several naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are essen- tial dietary components. Linoleic and linol ...

copper, selenium and molybdenum deficiencies can contribute to disease. Trace element deficiencies are most commonly due to inad ...