Medical Surgical Nursing

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Onset of Disease Gradual onset Person may go many years with undetected hyperglycemia 75% of type 2 di ...

Gestational Diabetes Develops during pregnancy Detected at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation Risk for cesarean delivery, perinatal de ...

 The onset of type 1 diabetes may also be associated with sudden weight loss or nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pains, if DKA ha ...

Diagnostic Studies Fasting plasma glucose level >126 mg/dl Random plasma glucose measurement 200 mg/dl plus symptoms Two ...

values, and it is crucial for patients with diabetes to know whether their monitor and strips provide whole blood or plasma resu ...

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Diabetes Mellitus Collaborative Care Goals of diabetes management: Reduce symptoms Promote well-being Prevent acute complicatio ...

Obesity is associated with an increased resistance to insulin. Some obese patients who have type 2 diabetes and who require ins ...

Fiber Lower total cholesterol and LDL in the blood. Improve blood glucose levels Decrease the need for exogenous insulin. Incre ...

Exercise Essential part of diabetes management Increases insulin sensitivity Lowers blood glucose levels Decreases insulin resi ...

Use proper footwear and. Avoid exercise in extreme heat or cold. Inspect feet daily after exercise.  Patients who have blood ...

Enables patient to make self-management decisions regarding diet, exercise, and medication Diabetes Mellitus Monitoring Blood ...

Intermediate-acting: NPH or Lente Onset 3-4h, peak 4-12 hours and lst 16-20 hours. Names include Humulin N, Novolin N, Humulin ...

Injection Sites Process: pinch skin, inject needle at 90-degree angle Do not inject into muscle; do not massage after injecting ...

Allergic reactions Lipodystrophy : is a medical condition characterized by abnormal or degenerative conditions of the body's a ...

Local Allergic Reactions Redness swelling, tenderness and induration or a 2- to 4-cm wheal Systemic Allergic Reactions (rare) ...

Biguanides: Metformin a-Glucosidase inhibitors: Acarbose. Delay absorption of CHO Thiazolidinediones: Pioglitazone (Actos) Oth ...

Monitoring of blood glucose and urine ketones Recognition, treatment, and prevention of acute complications Hypoglycemia Hy ...

Hypoglycemia Type 1 or type 2 diabetes Blood glucose < 50-60 mg/dL Causes Too much insulin Overdose of oral antidiabetic age ...

Treatment of hypoglycemia Mild Immediate treatment 15 g rapid-acting sugar Severe Hospitalized Intravenous glucose Teach pa ...