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The following are the endocrine disorders which are common in uraemic patients: Hyperparathyroidism • Lack in activation of vit ...

INVESTIGATIONS OF A CASE WITH CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE: Urine examination may show the following : Polyuria especially nocturia an ...

The following steps should be adopted for a proper management of patients with chronic renal failure. Step 1. CONFIRMATION OF CH ...

Step 2. SEARCHING FOR REVERSIBLE FACTORS: These factors are classified as the following: a. Pre-renal factors such as: Bilatera ...

about 600 ml/d in an adult of 70 kg. Extra 200 ml fluid should be added in febrile patient for every one degree centigrade incre ...

risks of blood transfusion. Erythropoietin (EPO) is given S.C. 4000u three times weekly, it carries the advantage of being safe ...

Indications for RRT: Failure of conservative treatment with progressive deterioration in patient's general condition and blood ...

DIALYSIS THERAPY Definition: Dialysis is a process in which the solute composition of blood is altered by exposing it to a physi ...

Autonomic neuropathy (e.g. diabetic patients) Diastolic dysfunction haemorrhage - Septicaemia Arrhythmia - Dialyzer reaction ( ...

(II) Less Common Complications: Although they are less common, they are serious complications. They include: (A) Disequilibrium ...

Treatment: No specific treatment (C) Arrhythmia: Arrhythmias during dialysis are common especially in patients receiving digital ...

(B) Peritoneal Dialysis Definition: It is the movement of solutes and water from patient's blood across a semipermeable membrane ...

(2) CCPD (Continuous Cyclic Peritoneal Dialysis): In which the dialysate is exchanged at bed time via a cycler (P.D. machine) 3- ...

5- High risk of anticoagulants 6- Patients who desire greater freedom to travel Contraindications: Absolute: 1- Extensive perito ...

Metabolic: Hyperglycaemia Hyperlipidaemia Protein depletion Obesity Infectious and inflammatory Peritonitis Exit site infecti ...

Fig. (5.4) Kidney transplant in recipient's right iliac fossa with native kidneys left in place. The native kidneys are left in ...

Indications: Patients with end stage renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy. Contraindications: 1- Patient refusal 2- ...

Immunosuppression can be achieved by different drugs. Each drug has a different mechanism by which it can depress leukocytes wh ...

b. Complications due to individual drugs: Steroids: hypertension, D.M., atherosclerosis, Bone disease, GIT bleeding and catarac ...

TUBULAR DISORDERS AND TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DISEASES This group of diseases are either specific tubular disorders or a tubulointers ...