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Renal failure: 10% of patients coming for dialysis have RN, usually at age of 30 years. Renal failure occurs due to scarring, i ...

PYELONEPHRITIS Is a microbial infection involving renal pelvis and renal parenchyma. Pyelitis means an infection mainly affectin ...

Trauma such as honey moon cystitis (cystitis occurring in early marriage). Stasis with pregnancy: due to hormones secreted duri ...

The most common organism causing acute pyelonephritis is E.coli, followed by coliforms bacteria. In cases with anatomic abnormal ...

Antimicrobial therapy: For first or uncomplicated infection we may start with Ampicillin, Amoxycillin or Septrin for 7-10 days. ...

CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS Is believed to be the result of chronic or repeated renal bacterial infection. Often at presentation, pro ...

GFR: may be reduced, increase in 24-hour proteinuria and manifestations of distal tubular dysfunction (e.g. renal tubular acido ...

Loin dull aching pain Renal colic (due to blood clot, caseous material or stone) Painless mass (rare). 4- Symptoms related to t ...

Increased soft tissue shadow in one kidney Obliterated renal and psoas shadow (abscess) Punctate calcification (60%) Stones Ure ...

Different drug Regimens 6- month regimen: Rifampicin 600mg/day INH 300mg/day Pyrazinamide 1gm/d ⎫ ⎬ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎭ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 2month Followe ...

Streptomycin adds nothing to the other three drugs in the initial phase, but it is advantageous in extensive disease with sever ...

CYSTIC RENAL DISEASES Renal cyst is an isolated segment of the nephron which is dilated to a diameter of 200 um or more. Cystic ...

Genetics The disease is transmitted by autosomal dominant inheritance. So, 50% of offsprings inherit the abnormal gene. Clinical ...

and tricuspid valve incompetence and left ventricular hypertrophy that are most probably secondary to hypertension. Gastrointes ...

Hypertension should be treated aggressively to prevent progression of the kidney damage and to guard against aneurysm rupture i ...

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RENAL STONE DISEASES Renal stone disease is a frequent illness. In the West, it is estimated that approximately 12% of males and ...

Loss of inhibitors of crystallization. Specific factors contributing in stone formation: Hypercalciuria Hyperuricosuria Hypoc ...

Renal ultrasonography and pyelography: For detection of renal stones, back pressure changes, infection, kidney size, parenchyma ...

Protein restriction is adopted because high protein diet increases urine acidity, uric acid and calcium excretion; and decrease ...