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II. Tubulointerstitial Nephritis: • Lupus nephritis ............................................................ Chronic tubulo ...

Differential diagnosis: Renal glycosuria should be differentiated from: (1) Diabetes mellitus (by glucose tolerance curve); (2) ...

Serum Bicarbonate (HCO 3 ) is used as a buffer for the retained H+ (HCO 3 +H+ ---> H 2 CO 3 ----> H 2 O + CO 2 ), so its b ...

Male to female ratio is always 1 : 1. Primary RTA usually manifests clinically between the first and the third decade of life ( ...

Treatment: Except in drug induced cases of RTA, the disease is always persistent and needs permanent treatment. First treat hyp ...

When a new steady state is reached (new Tmax) all the filtered HCO 3 will be reabsorped. The condition is characterized by metab ...

Nephrocalcinosis and renal stone disease Manifestations of acidosis with failure to thrive in children, hypovolaemia, and tachy ...

Etiology of Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Hereditary. Congenital • Fabry's disease Non-Hereditary. Idiopathic • Cystic d ...

NDI should be differentiated from central diabetes insipidus (CDI) and psychogenic polydepsia. Both NDI and CDI could be comple ...

Adequate free water intake (without salt) to compensate for water loss and avoid dehydration and hypernatraemia. Thiazide diure ...

ACUTE INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS (AIN) Etiology: Drug or Toxin induced: Antibiotics are the most commonly implicated drugs, in acut ...

plasma cells. In addition, neutrophils and eosinophils will be seen in drug induced AIN. The condition may regress completely or ...

Treatment: Discontinuation of the causative drug and treatment of infection and supportive treatment may be sufficient to induc ...

Microscopically, non-specific changes are seen including interstitial fibrosis, chronic inflammatory cellular infiltration and t ...

X-ray showing nephrocalcinosis in patient with RTA. Kidney section from a patient with RTA showing nephrocalcinosis. There are m ...

ANALGESIC NEPHROPATHY Analgesic nephropathy is a chronic tubulointerstitial disease, it represents an important cause of end sta ...

There is tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis and round cell infiltration. Vascular sclerosis: Affecting small arterioles, ve ...

Proteinuria occurs in 40% of cases, usually mixed tubular and glomerular (up to 3g/24h). Haematuria secondary to cystitis, renal ...

(Fig. 6.2) Gross appearance of a kidney with necrotizing papillitis it shows sloughing of the Renal papillae (Reproduced with p ...

REFLUX NEPHROPATHY Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) is the back flow of urine from the bladder to the ureter; and reflux nephropathy ...