Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis

286 18 confirmed by peak fitting procedures during quantitative analysis. The next peak matches the Al K-family (. Fig. 18.14i) ...

287 18 References Currie LA (1968) Limits for qualitative detection and quantitative deter- mination. Anal Chem 40:586 Newbury D ...

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290 19 19.1 What Is a k-ratio? A k-ratio is the ratio of a pair of characteristic X-ray line intensities, I, measured under simi ...

291 19 contribution of the count statistics in the standard spectrum to the overall measurement precision. The ideal standard to ...

292 19 19.4 Converting Sets of k-ratios Into Composition As stated earlier, the k-ratio is often a good first approxima- tion to ...

293 19 variations in the beam current, or problems with the speci- men, such as local topography such as a pit or other excur- s ...

294 19 19.8 Ways of Reporting Composition 19.8.1 Mass Fraction The most common way to report the composition of a mate- rial is ...

295 19 19.9 The Accuracy of Quantitative Electron- Excited X-ray Microanalysis 19.9.1 Standards-Based k-ratio Protocol Quantitat ...

296 19 protocol and PAP φ(ρz) matrix corrections with NIST DTSA-II.  The level of accuracy achieved with this SDD-EDS approach f ...

297 19 sufficient, then standardless analysis is an acceptable proce- dure, providing this RDEV distribution, or a version appro ...

298 19 standards- based analysis, the formulae calculated from the standardless results do not match the proper formula. Another ...

299 19 tematic deviations between the ratio of measured intensities and the ratio of concentrations. An example of these devia- ...

300 19 Atomic Number Effect, Z (Effect of Backscattering [R] and Energy Loss [S]) One approach to the atomic number effect is to ...

301 19 nique, the detailed history of an electron trajectory is calcu- lated in a stepwise manner. At each point along the traje ...

302 19 (g/cm^3 ) and the linear depth dimension, z (cm), so that the product ρz has units of g/cm^2. The mass depth, ρz, is more ...

303 19 curve in the alloy is smaller than that of pure Cu because the average atomic number of the Al  – 3  wt % Cu sample is so ...

304 19 needed. Fortunately, the complex three- dimensional dis- tribution can be reduced to a one- dimensional problem for the c ...

305 19 the φ(ρz) curve, a new curve results, which gives the depth distribution of emitted X-rays. An example of the generated a ...

306 19 the X-ray lines used for analysis.. Table 19.4 shows the variation of the path length that can occur if one varies the in ...