Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis

390 23 only of the X-ray bremsstrahlung that occurs at all photon ener- gies, Eν, up to the incident beam energy, E 0 (Duane–Hun ...

391 23 background, making it more difficult to discern the position of the bremsstrahlung maximum. Nevertheless, the general sha ...

392 23 Photon energy (keV) Photon energy (keV) Counts Counts K411 E 0 = 15 keV Flat bulk Shard A Shard C Shard D Shard E 100000 ...

393 23 field) of the SEM, as shown in. Fig. 23.15. The aluminum stub was mapped with the specimen plane located at the manufactu ...

394 23 23.6 Particle Analysis 23.6.1 How Do X-ray Measurements of Particles Differ From Bulk Measurements? The analysis of micro ...

395 23 scattering. As the beam energy is lowered and the electron range decreases, penetration through the bottom and sides dimi ...

396 23 Particle Sample Preparation: Bulk Substrate Because beam electrons can penetrate through the sides and bottom of a partic ...

397 23 Intensitycounts Intensitycounts a b 130000 120000 110000 100000 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 0 ...

398 23 Particle Sample Preparation: Minimizing Substrate Contributions With a Thin Foil Substrate As the particle dimensions dec ...

399 23 The Importance of Beam Placement The placement of the beam on the particle relative to the EDS detector position can have ...

400 23 appears to come from the position of the detector immedi- ately reveals the true EDS position. For this particular parti- ...

401 23 K411 15-μm sphere (20 nm C film on Cu grid) E 0 = 20 keV Beam position: Top Center Beam position: R/2, toward EDS 100000 ...

402 23 BSE Al Cr Co 50 μm EDS 50 μm Mo Ti Ni EDS Mo Ti Ni b a . Fig. 23.27 a SEM BSE image and X-ray intensity maps for Al K-L2, ...

403 23 as the inclusions, for subsequent analysis. All of this infor- mation would be lost if these particles were simply over- ...

404 23 for an incident beam energy of 20 keV. For this plot, the Fe K-L2,3 intensity emitted from the particle has been divided ...

405 23 radiation at 6.40  keV is sufficiently energetic that it under- goes relatively little absorption in the bulk case so tha ...

406 23 E 0 = 20 keV, and the standards used pure elements Mg, Si, and Fe, while SRM 470 K412 glass was used as the Ca standard. ...

407 23 is the case for a flat, bulk target. When these raw concentra- tions are normalized, the relative errors for Mg and Si ar ...

408 23 23.6.6 Peak-to-Background (P/B) Method Specimen Geometry Severely Affects the k-ratio, but Not the P/B Another approach t ...

409 23 2.95 for the most extreme case, the corresponding P/B ratio for Mg only differs from that of the bulk K411 by a factor of ...