Arabic: An Essential Grammar

1 ْتَرَشَن 2 ٌةَديِرَج 3 ٌةَّ يِئاَسَم 4 َعَم ًلااَقَم 5 ( ٌةَروُص ).s ٍرَوُص 6 ِةَراَغْلـِل 7 ِةيََّ ّوَجـْل 8 ِسْمَأ 9 يِتَّل ...

1 (^) ُّ يِدْنُجـْلَأ 2 يِف ُحوُرْجَمـْل 3 ِثِداَح 4 َوُه ِسْمَأ 5 َمْوَيْل ُناَبـْعَت 6 يِف ٌمِئاَنَو 7 . ِهِريِرَس (13) 1 Th ...

(12) The radio mentioned the air raid yesterday which killed (in it) one soldier and injured (wounded) a large number of civilia ...

193 Chapter 26
Inna ن ّ َ ِإ and its sisters, ka ̄na َكـا َن and its sisters 26.1 نَّ ِإ
inna is an assertive particle, whic ...

26.2 After نَّ ِإ
inna, the nominal predicate can be emphasized by pre- fixing ...لـ َ /la.../. (This is optional.) This parti ...

ن ْلـ َمـا َء َو ِس ٌخَّ َسـ َبـ َح َمـ َع َأ sabah ̇ a ma  a
anna l-ma ̄
a wasih ̆ un. He swam, although the water was di ...

َأ ْم َسى^
amsa ̄, to become (to be/become in the evening) َما َزا َل ma ̄-za ̄la, to keep on, not to cease, (to be/do) still ...

ُسْر َّ دلَأ 1 ل اّ ًدِج ٌبْعَص ا (^) َّ نِك 2 ُهَنيِرْمَت 3 . ٌلْهَس (2) The lesson is very 1 difficult but 2 its exercise (dri ...

َناـَك 1 ( ٌةَقَرَو ).s ُقَرَو 2 ِرـَجـ َّ شـل 3 يـِف َرَضْخَأ 4 ِعـيـِب َّ رـل 5 َراـَصـَف 6 يـِف َرَفْصَأ 7 . ِفـيِرـَخـْل ...

َفْوَس ُه َّ نِإ َلاَق 1 ُرَضْحَي 2 َنِم ٌريِبَك ٌدَدَع 3 ِسا َّ نل 4 ِعاَمَسِل 5 ِةَرـَضاَحُم 6 ِديِمَع 7 ِةَي َّلُك 8 . ِقوُق ...

(7) I heard that the worker sold his car at a cheap price, although it was in good condition. (8) When the children returned fro ...

201 Chapter 27 Relative pronouns and relative clauses 27.1 Relative pronoun The basic form (masc. sing.) of the relative pronoun ...

27.2 Definite relative clause The role of the relative pronoun is to link the relative clause with a definite antecedent سا ِب ُ ...

27.5 Also a passive participle placed after a noun may have the mean- ing of a relative clause, e.g. ُج ْمَل ٌة َم ْك ُتو َب ٌة ...

respectively. This kind of anaphoric (back-referring) suffix pronoun is called َأْل َعا ِئد
al-  a ̄
id ‘the returner’. The ...

(b) When َما ma ̄ ‘what?’ or ماَِّم mimma ̄ ‘of what?, of which?’ (which is a combination of ِم ْن + (^) َما ) are used as relat ...

ه ا اَذـ 1 اـَم 2 يِف ُماَمِْلإ ُهَرَكَذ / َرَكَذ 3 ِةَبْطُخ 4 . ِةَعُمُجـْل (4) This is 1 what the ima ̄m 2 mentioned in the ...

ه ا اَمُه ِناَذ 1 ِنَذـ َّ لل ِناَحا َبَّّ سل 2 ىَلَع َلاَصَح 3 ِنْيَت َّ يِلاَدِمـْل 4 ِةَّ يِبَه َّ ذل 5 .ِةيََّ ّضِفْلَ ...

(7) The sentence which was mentioned (it) by the imam at the end of the Friday speech was difficult and complicated. (8) This is ...

209 Chapter 28 Moods Subjunctive, jussive (apocopatus) and imperative 28.1 We have already dealt with the verb in the indicative ...